New Delhi [India]: China is intensifying its diplomatic, economic, and military pressures across the region, building up its military capabilities under the leadership of President Xi Jinping. As part of his efforts, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is undergoing a rapid modernization process, preparing for an extended “struggle,” according to recent remarks from Admiral Samuel Paparo, Commander of the US Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM).
In a House Armed Services Committee testimony on April 10, Admiral Paparo highlighted the growing threat posed by China’s military modernization and increasingly aggressive behavior. He warned that such developments could pose significant risks to the US homeland, its allies, and partners, noting that China’s actions go beyond just military threats. As he stated, “China employs a multifaceted approach combining military pressure, cognitive and cyber operations, and economic coercion.”
China’s Military Advances and Regional Tensions
Paparo emphasized that China is rapidly developing cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, hypersonic missiles, and space-based capabilities. He warned that China is outpacing the US in testing these technologies and building a military capable of anti-access/area denial to prevent US forces from operating within critical regions such as the First and Second Island Chains.
China’s expansionist actions have extended to Taiwan, where the PLA has increased military pressure by 300% in 2024 through activities like air defense identification zone entries and centerline crossings. These actions are seen as rehearsal tactics for forced unification.
The Philippines has also felt the brunt of China’s aggression, especially since President Bongbong Marcos has actively resisted Chinese territorial encroachment, unlike his predecessor Rodrigo Duterte. China’s actions are also growing more hostile in the Yellow Sea, where it has unilaterally placed a steel rig in contested waters, further escalating tensions with South Korea.
The Rising Influence of China, Russia, and North Korea
Paparo noted that the rise of multipolar authoritarianism has led to closer cooperation between China, Russia, and North Korea, strengthening the authoritarian bloc’s collective power. He specifically mentioned Russia’s growing military cooperation with China, including joint exercises and naval patrols. This collaboration complicates the security situation for US forces in the Indo-Pacific.
China’s role in the Ukraine conflict also illustrates its strategic partnership with Russia. The Pentagon estimates that China has provided a substantial portion of the machine tools and computer chips to Russia to support its war efforts.
Challenges and Opportunities for US Defense
Paparo acknowledged the challenges the US military faces in responding to China’s rising military capabilities. He pointed out that China is outproducing the US in air, maritime, and missile capabilities, particularly in the production of combat warships. The PLA has increased its military capability by up to fifteenfold over the past 20 years.
Despite these challenges, Paparo emphasized the importance of US alliances in the Indo-Pacific, stressing that no adversary could match the combined strength and capabilities of the US’s network of partners. However, he also cautioned that US political instability and the unpredictability of President Donald Trump’s foreign policies could undermine this advantage.
The Role of Taiwan and Potential Risks
Paparo warned that a potential conflict over Taiwan could have devastating consequences for both the region and the global economy. He highlighted that losing Taiwan could lead to a 25% GDP contraction in Asia and a 10-12% reduction in the US GDP. To prevent such a conflict, Paparo stressed the need for a strong military posture and resolute leadership, as well as enhanced defense capabilities to counter China’s growing military threat.
Countering China’s Aggression and Enhancing Resilience
Paparo outlined two key countermeasures to deal with China’s aggressive tactics. The first is deterrence through better intelligence and the second is resilience, which involves ensuring that critical undersea internet cables are protected and that redundant communication networks are established to maintain operational continuity in case of sabotage.
As Paparo concluded, China remains the most consequential opponent the US faces, but the US’s commitment to defense and deterrence continues to be a strategic advantage in maintaining regional stability.