Researchers at Stanford University have developed a promising new vaccine formula that could protect against a wide range of respiratory viruses, bacteria, and even allergens, according to a study published in the journal Science.
The experimental vaccine, delivered as a nasal spray, has shown the ability to protect mice against infections such as SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii, as well as allergens like house dust mites.
A “Universal” Vaccine Approach
Bali Pulendran, PhD, senior author of the study and professor of microbiology and immunology at Stanford, described the vaccine as a potential “universal vaccine”.
Speaking to the BBC, Prof. Pulendran said the formula triggers a broad immune response rather than targeting a single pathogen.
“This vaccine elicits a far broader response that is protective against not just the flu virus, not just the COVID virus, not just the common cold virus, but against virtually all viruses and many different bacteria and even allergens,” he said.
How the New Vaccine Works
Unlike traditional vaccines that train the immune system to recognize specific pathogens, this vaccine mimics how immune cells communicate with each other.
Delivered through the nose, it activates white blood cells in the lungs, putting them on what researchers describe as an “amber alert” state—ready to fight infections quickly when they enter the respiratory system.
Key Findings From Animal Studies
In mouse experiments, the heightened immune readiness lasted around three months, preventing many viruses from entering the lungs. Even when pathogens slipped through, the immune system responded rapidly.
The vaccine also protected against bacterial infections and reduced allergic responses to house dust mites, which are common triggers for asthma.
Challenges and Human Trials Ahead
Despite the promising results, researchers caution that the vaccine has only been tested in animals so far. Human immune systems differ significantly, and it remains unclear how long the protective effect would last in people.
The nasal spray may also require a nebuliser for deeper lung delivery in humans. Scientists plan to conduct human trials, possibly involving controlled exposure to infections to test effectiveness.
The team also warns that boosting immune activity too much could lead to immune-related disorders, so the vaccine is expected to complement existing vaccines rather than replace them.
Why This Matters for India
Respiratory illnesses are widespread in India, worsened by air pollution, seasonal flu outbreaks, and allergens like dust mites. A broad-spectrum vaccine could reduce doctor visits, hospitalisations, and deaths during pandemics.
Experts believe such a vaccine could act as a temporary shield during emerging pandemics, buying critical time until targeted vaccines are developed. A seasonal spray could also help prevent asthma flare-ups during polluted winters or monsoon humidity.